Gasification of juniper and mesquite

June 8, 2012, Vernon, TX – Biomass gasification is being considered as a possible technology for
converting at least 10 million acres of Texas brush into biofuel,
according to Dr. Jim Ansley, Texas AgriLife Research rangeland ecologist
in Vernon.

A study using an adiabatic bed gasifier to convert mesquite and
redberry juniper species found in the Southern Great Plains into usable
bioenergy gases was conducted by Ansley and Dr. Kalyan Annamalai, Paul
Pepper Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Coal and Biomass Energy
Laboratory, Texas Engineering Experiment Station at Texas A&M
University in College Station.

The team also included graduate students Wei Chen, Dustin Eseltine
and Siva Thanapal in College Station, and Dr. Mustafa Mirik, AgriLife
Research associate scientist at Vernon.

The first published paper on this study, which appeared at www.elsevier.com/locate/energy with
Chen as lead author, determined the heating value of mesquite and
juniper, as well as the effects of wood chip particle size and moisture
content on gas composition and yields, Ansley said.

The study found some of the basic thermal properties of these solid
fuels, including chemical composition and heat values, and various
heating factors affected syngas yields, he said. Syngas, a mixture of
carbon monoxide, ethane and hydrogen, can be used as a substitute for
natural gas. A solid by-product of the conversion process, tar, may also
be used for fuel or other chemical products.

With limitations for growing bioenergy crops on land normally used
for growing food, Ansley is looking to the vast supply of unwanted woody
plants on rangelands as a possible energy source. The down side would
be increased transportation costs, because of the trees' lower biomass
density. One option might be to develop small-scale, localized
gasification facilities to convert the trees into usable bioenergy.

"Right now, they are perceived as noxious plants that are
detrimental to rangeland ecosystems," he said. "Their removal and use as
a bioenergy feedstock would improve ecosystem quality as well as
services from these lands, such as increased income from livestock
grazing."

With no available data regarding gasification of mesquite and
juniper, Ansley said his team's objective was to determine the heating
value of the two woods and obtain gasification performance data.

Mesquite and juniper can achieve standing biomass of 20 dry tons per
acre, he said. Moisture content of these species is much lower than
other woody feedstocks and this contributes to greater heating value and
lower costs for drying the feedstock.

Mesquite and juniper samples were harvested from native rangeland
areas near Vernon. The trees were multi-trunked, 10-12 feet tall with
diameters ranging from 2-8 inches. Tree ring counts indicated that
above-ground portions of these trees were 15-35 years old.

Basal stems and branches were passed through a wood chipper, he
said. The chipped material was then passed through a motorized sieve
system to separate into different particle sizes. Wood chips were then
stored in cellulose bags and transferred to College Station for
gasification trials.

The team's article is the first to report the heating content and
syngases derived from these woods, as well as some potential yields and
composition from gasification, Ansley said.

The heating value of redberry juniper wood was slightly higher than
mesquite – 8,849 Btu per pound compared to 8,653 Btu per pound, Ansley
said. Both values are equivalent to medium grade subbituminous coal.

He said mesquite and juniper woods are better quality fuel than
cattle manure biomass which has lower heating value, 5,520 Btu per
pound, and much higher ash content, 14-45 percent compared to 1-2
percent in the wood.

The power plants typically prefer low nitrogen fuels so the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency-regulated pollutant nitrogen oxides can
be minimized. As opposed to coal, mesquite and juniper contain very low
amounts of nitrogen, about one-third to one-half of coal. Nitrogen
content was slightly higher in mesquite than juniper, because mesquite
is a legume that fixes its own nitrogen, Ansley said.

Wood chips of different sizes were combusted within a steel column
that produced a range of temperatures from 400-2000 degrees. This caused
various stages of wood decomposition and syngas yield, he said.

Syngas yield was comprised of nitrogen gas, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen gas, oxygen, methane and ethane. Percentage gas
composition varied between the wood types, but juniper had a slightly
higher percentage of carbon monoxide and methane, while mesquite had
higher percentages of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and ethane.

The heating value of syngases produced from these woods was slightly
higher in juniper than mesquite, 1,482 Btu per pound compared to 1,275
Btu per pound, Ansley said. When nitrogen was removed from the gasifier,
the heating value of syngases from both wood types more than doubled to
about 3,575 Btu per pound and 3,261 Btu per pound for juniper and
mesquite, respectively.

Compared to pure methane, which served as a surrogate for natural
gas, syngases from these woods reached almost 100-150 Btu per standard
cubic foot, which is about 10-15 percent of the heating value of
methane, he said. When nitrogen was removed, syngas heating value
increased to 27 percent and 25.8 percent of methane heating value for
juniper and mesquite, respectively.

Both wood types generated high-quality gas, but the juniper gas
quality was slightly better than mesquite primarily due to lower
nitrogen content and higher heating value, Ansley said.